Sains Malaysiana 52(7)(2023): 1939-1954
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5207-04
Peta Ketumpatan Fizikal bagi Menentukan Unsur Berisiko
Banjir Di Kawasan Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia
(Physical
Density Map for Determining Flood Risk Elements in Kota Belud Area, Sabah,
Malaysia)
KAMILIA SHARIR1,2 & RODEANO ROSLEE1,2*
1Natural Disaster Research Centre (NDRC), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
2Faculty of Science & Natural Resources (FSSA), Universiti Malaysia
Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 28 April 2022/Diterima: 12 Julai 2023
Abstrak
Banjir merupakan bencana alam yang berlaku setiap tahun dan memberi impak
kepada kehidupan manusia, gangguan sosio-ekonomi dan kemusnahan alam sekitar.
Terdapat tiga komponen penting dalam mentafsir risiko banjir iaitu; Bahaya,
Kemudahterancaman dan Pendedahan.
Pendedahan dalam konteks ini merujuk kepada unsur yang terdedah atau berisiko
kepada sesuatu kerugian dan mempunyai tahap kemudahterancamannya yang
tersendiri. Rekod kejadian banjir di kawasan ini semakin meningkat terutamanya
selepas kejadian Gempa Bumi Ranau 2015. Peningkatan kejadian ini menjejaskan
kelangsungan hidup kerana kebergantungan komuniti setempat terhadap hasil pertanian
seperti penanaman padi untuk menjana pendapatan selain penempatan kemudahan
fasiliti awam seperti hospital, pejabat kerajaan dan sekolah. Justeru, mengenal
pasti unsur berisiko di kawasan ini amatlah penting untuk meminimumkan risiko
banjir yang akan menjejaskan kawasan ini. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti unsur berisiko yang
terdedah kepada ancaman bencana banjir di kawasan Kota Belud, Sabah. Pendedahan
unsur berisiko boleh dikenal pasti secara nyata atau tidak nyata. Unsur berisiko
nyata dikenal pasti melalui jejak bangunan dan jenis jaringan jalan raya yang
ada di sekitar kawasan kajian manakala unsur berisiko tidak nyata pula,
analisis ini dilakukan secara soal selidik di lapangan. Peta Ketumpatan Fizikal
(PKF) kemudian dihasilkan daripada jejak bangunan dan peta jaringan jalan raya
untuk menggambarkan unsur berisiko pada skala rantau. Peta ini dihasilkan
dengan menukar poligon bangunan menjadi titik dan pengiraan dibuat berdasarkan
kilometer persegi dan menggabungkannya dengan maklumat ketumpatan jaringan
jalan raya. Kaedah ini turut digunakan sebagai kaedah alternatif untuk
menggambarkan taburan penduduk bagi kawasan yang mempunyai ketersediaan dan
kebolehcapaian data yang terhad. Hasil analisis menunjukkan kawasan unsur berisiko
yang berketumpatan fizikal tinggi terletak berhampiran dengan sungai-sungai
utama seperti Sungai Kadamaian, Sungai Wariu, Sungai Gurong-gurong, Sungai
Tempasuk dan Sungai Abai. Kajian ini amat berguna sebagai kajian perintis dalam
mentafsir risiko banjir di kawasan ini dan berpotensi dikembangkan di kawasan
lain agar kerosakan dan kerugian harta benda, infrastruktur atau utiliti awam
dapat diurus dan dikurangkan.
Kata kunci: Bahaya; banjir; kemudahterancaman;
Kota Belud; risiko; unsur berisiko
Abstract
Flooding is a natural disaster that annually impacts
human lives, socio-economic disruptions, and environmental destruction. There
are three critical components to interpreting flood risk: Hazard,
vulnerability, and exposure. Exposure in this context refers to elements that
are exposed or at risk of experiencing losses and have their level of
vulnerability. The record of flood incidents in this area is increasing,
especially after the Ranau Earthquake 2015. This
increase in incidents affects livelihoods as the local community relies on
agricultural yields such as rice cultivation for income generation, in addition
to the presence of public facilities such as hospitals, government offices, and
schools. Therefore, identifying the risky elements in this area is crucial to
minimising the flood risk that may affect the region. The main objective of
this study was to identify the elements at risk from flood disaster threats in
the Kota Belud area of Sabah. Risk elements can be
identified explicitly or implicitly. Explicit risk elements are identified
through the presence of buildings and the types of road networks in the study
area, while implicit risk elements are analysed through field surveys. A
Physical Density Map (PDM) is then generated from the building footprints and
road network map to illustrate the risk elements at a regional scale. This map
is created by converting building polygons into points, calculating them based
on square kilometres, and combining them with road network information. This
method is also an alternative approach to depicting population distribution in
areas where data availability and accessibility are limited. The analysis
results show that high physical density risk elements are located near major
rivers such as Sungai Kadamaian, Sungai Wariu, Sungai Gurong-gurong,
Sungai Tempasuk, and Sungai Abai.
This study is precious as a pioneering study in interpreting flood risk in this
area. It has the potential to be extended to other areas to manage and reduce
damages and losses to properties, infrastructure, or public utilities.
Keywords: Element at risk; flood; hazard; Kota Belud;
risk; vulnerability
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: rodeano@ums.edu.my
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